References and citations¶

Because jupyter-book is built on top of Sphinx, there are many ways to reference content, including the excellent sphinxcontrib-bibtex extension that allows you to include citations and a bibliography with your book.

Tip

When debugging your book build, the following options can be helpful:

jupyter-book build -W -n --keep-going docs/

This will check for missing references (-n) and turn them into errors (-W), but will still attempt to run the full build (--keep-going), so that you can see all errors in one run.

Cross-references and labels¶

Labels are a way to add tags to parts of your content so that you can reference them later on. This is helpful if you want to quickly insert links to other parts of your book. Labels can be added before major elements of a page, such as titles or figures.

To add a label, use the following pattern before the element you wish to label:

(my-label)=
# The thing to label

For example, we’ve added the following label above the header for this section with:

(content:references)=
## Cross-references and labels

You can insert cross-references to labels in your content with the following syntax: {ref}`label-text`. For example, the syntax {ref}`content:references` results in a link to this section like so: Cross-references and labels.

Referencing content from your book¶

There are a few ways to reference content from your book, depending on what kind of content you’d like to reference. Here is a quick overview of some common options:

{ref} is used to reference section labels that you define or figures with a name value
{numref} is used to provide numbered references to figures or headers
{doc} is used to reference other files in your book
{eq} is used to reference equations that have been given a label value

Tip

You can reference a section label through {ref}`label` or {ref}`some text <label>` . Documents can be referenced through {doc}`path/to/document` or {doc}`some text <path/to/document>`

If you wish to use Markdown style syntax, then MyST Markdown will try to find a reference, from any of the above reference types (and more!). This actually has an advantage, in that you can used nested syntax, for example:

[A **_reference_** to a page](./myst.md)

[A reference to a header](content:references)

produces

A reference to a page

A reference to a header

Leaving the title empty will mean the reference uses the target as text, for example the syntax

[](./myst.md)

will link to a section and use its header text as the link text itself:

MyST Markdown overview

Tip

You can control how MyST Markdown distinguishes between internal references and external URLs in your _config.yml. For example,

parse:
   myst_url_schemes: [mailto, http, https]

means that [Jupyter Book](https://jupyterbook.org) will be recognised as a URL, but [Citations](content:citations) will not:

Citations and bibliographies¶

You can add citations and bibliographies using references that are stored in a bibtex file that is in your book’s folder. You can then add a citation in-line in your Markdown with the {cite} role, and include the bibliography from your bibtex file with the {bibliography} directive.

To add citations to your book, take the following steps:

Create a references bibtex file.
```
touch references.bib
```

Add references. Add some references to your BibTex file. See the BibTex documentation for information on the BibTex reference style. Here’s an example citation:

@article{perez2011python
,	title	= {Python: an ecosystem for scientific computing}
,	author	= {Perez, Fernando and Granger, Brian E and Hunter, John D}
,	journal	= {Computing in Science \\& Engineering}
,	volume	= {13}
,	number	= {2}
,	pages	= {13--21}
,	year	= {2011}
,	publisher	= {AIP Publishing}
}

Add a citation. In your content, use the following syntax to include a citation:
```
{cite}`mybibtexcitation`
```
For example,
```
{cite}`perez2011python`
```
generates this citation: [PGH11]

You can also include multiple citations in one go, like so:
```
{cite}`perez2011python,holdgraf_rapid_2016,RePEc:the:publsh:1367,caporaso2010qiime`
```
becomes [PGH11][HdHP+16][SK14][CKS+10].
Add a bibliography. Use the following directive to do so:
```
```{bibliography} path/to/references.bib
```
```
This will generate the bibliography of your entire bibtex file. See the bibliography at the end of this page for an example.

When your book is built, the bibliography and citations will now be included.

Warning

If you are adding a bibliography to a different page from your references, then you may need to ensure that page is processed last. Because Sphinx processes pages alphabetically, you may want to name the file zreferences.rst for example.

See this sphinxcontrib-bibtex section for more information.

This feature uses sphinxcontrib-bibtex under the hood, so check its documentation for more information on how to use and configure bibliographies in your book. Do note the documentation is written with rST syntax in mind and you’ll need to adapt the directive/role syntax for your Markdown content.

Selecting your reference style¶

You can also optionally customize the style of your references. By default, references are displayed in the alpha style. Other currently supported styles include plain, unsrt, and unsrtalpha. These styles create the following bibliography formatting:

alpha: Use alphanumeric reference labels, citations are sorted by author, year.
plain: Use numeric reference labels, citations are sorted by author, year.
unsrt: Use numeric reference labels, citations are sorted by order of appearance.
unsrtalpha: Use alphanumeric reference labels, citations are sorted by order of appearance.

To set your reference style, use the style option:

```{bibliography} path/to/references.bib
:style: unsrt
```

Local bibliographies¶

You may wish to include a bibliography listing at the end of each document rather than having a single bibliography contained in a separate document. Having multiple bibliography directives, however, can cause sphinx to issue duplicate citation warnings.

A common fix is to add a filter to the bibliography directives:

```{bibliography} path/to/references.bib
:filter: docname in docnames
```

See sphinxcontrib-bibtex documentation on local bibliographies.

Bibliography¶

CKS+10: J Gregory Caporaso, Justin Kuczynski, Jesse Stombaugh, Kyle Bittinger, Frederic D Bushman, Elizabeth K Costello, Noah Fierer, Antonio Gonzalez Pena, Julia K Goodrich, Jeffrey I Gordon, and others. Qiime allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nature methods, 7(5):335–336, 2010.
HdHP+16: Christopher Ramsay Holdgraf, Wendy de Heer, Brian N. Pasley, Jochem W. Rieger, Nathan Crone, Jack J. Lin, Robert T. Knight, and Frédéric E. Theunissen. Rapid tuning shifts in human auditory cortex enhance speech intelligibility. Nature Communications, 7(May):13654, 2016. URL: http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ncomms13654, doi:10.1038/ncomms13654.
PGH11(1,2): Fernando Perez, Brian E Granger, and John D Hunter. Python: an ecosystem for scientific computing. Computing in Science \& Engineering, 13(2):13–21, 2011.
SK14: John Stachurski and Takashi Kamihigashi. Stochastic stability in monotone economies. Theoretical Economics, 2014.